区域空气质量模拟中查表法的应用研究

在自行开发完善的区域空气质量模式系统RegSRRMS中应用查表法,模拟中国典型城市群对流层大气主要污染物的浓度变化,评估该方法在大气复合污染事件预测和控制中的有效性.首先,利用具有国际先进水平的空气质量模式WRF-CHEM中的化学模块建立了包含完善气相化学、气溶胶过程的箱模式WRFBOX.其次,利用WRFBOX进行化学反应敏感性分析,基于影响污染物的重要因子分别建立了臭氧(O3)及其前体物、无机盐气溶胶和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)查算表数据库,并检验其有效性.最后,将此查算表数据库引入RegSRRMS,建立简化的查表算法.利用直接耦合机制法和查表法对2000年3月珠三角地区污染个例中主要大气污染物浓度进行模拟.通过比较2种方法的模拟结果,显示查表法计算效率提高了57%,能够反映大气光化学反应的非线性特征、气溶胶及其前体物的平衡关系,具有高分辨率、高时效性,能够方便快捷地给出源和受体之间的响应关系,结果可靠.在区域空气质量模式中应用查表法有利于大气污染事件的快速预测以及大气污染控制的快速决策.     

络合-超滤耦合工艺去除水中镍离子的研究

以聚丙烯酸钠(PAANa)和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)作为络合剂,将其与镍离子络合后的溶液转移至超滤杯中,在0.1 MPa压力下通过聚醚砜超滤膜进行分离,研究pH值和络合剂/Ni2+装载质量比(L)对Ni2+去除率的影响,并根据朗缪尔等温模型拟合络合反应平衡常数.同时研究超滤时间对膜通量和Ni2+去除率的影响.结果表明,选用PAANa为络合剂,在pH值为8、L=5时,Ni2+的去除率达到最大值99.5%.PEI为络合剂时,Ni2+去除率在pH值为7、L为5时达到最大值93.0%.不同pH值条件下拟合得到的络合平衡常数表明,pH为7时最有利于络合反应.另外,单个络合剂单体所能结合的Ni2+个数随着pH值的升高而增大.研究结果还表明,在长达12 h的超滤时间内,PAANa为络合剂时,膜通量的衰减<10%;PEI为络合剂时,膜通量基本保持不变;Ni2+的去除率都基本保持恒定.因此,在合适条件下,络合-超滤耦合工艺能有效去除水中的镍离子.     

Oxidation inhibition of sulfite in dual alkali FGD system

A laboratory-scale well-mixed thermostatic reactor with continuously blasting air was used to investigate the oxidation inhibition of sulfite in dual alkali flue gas desulfurization （FGD） system. The effects of operating parameters such as pH value and catalyst concentration on the oxidation were studied. Sodium thiosulfate was used in the system, and was found that it significantly inhabited the sulfite oxidation. In the absence of catalyst, sodium thiosulfate at 12.67 mmol/L had an inhibition efficiency of approximately 98%. While in the presence of catalyst, sodium thiosulfate at 26.72 mmol/L had an inhibition efficiency less than 85.0%. The oxidation reaction order of sulfite in the sodium thiosulfate was determined to be -1.90 and 4）.55 in the absence and presence of the catalyst, respectively. Apparent activation energy of oxidation inhibition was calculated to be 53.9 kJ/mol. Pilot tests showed that the consumption rate of thiosulfate agreed well with the laboratory-scale experimental results.     

Ce(Ⅲ)对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗光化学反应的影响

用水培法研究Ce(Ⅲ)对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗光化学反应的影响.结果表明, 20 mg·L^-1 CeCl₃使大豆幼苗净光合速率(Pn)、Hill反应、Mg²⁺-ATPase活性与光合磷酸化活力4项指标较对照提高23.2%～14.3%; 有效抑制UV-B辐射(T₁=0.15 W·m^-2和T₂=0.45 W·m^-2)胁迫下4项指标下降, 4项指标降幅［Ce(Ⅲ)+T₁为36.6%～15.9%,Ce(Ⅲ)+T₂为65.6%～33.2%］小于对应的UV-B辐射组(T₁为50.9%～23.3%,T₂为77.3%～51.4%). 动态变化显示, Ce(Ⅲ)减缓了胁迫期4项指标的下降趋势,促进了恢复期4项指标上升幅度. 说明Ce(Ⅲ)通过减轻UV-B辐射对大豆幼苗光化学反应的伤害, 遏制UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗Pn下降.     

Kinetics of selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 on Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst

The catalyst of Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 has been found to be more active than Fe-ZSM-5 and Mo/ZSM-5 separately for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) with NH3. The kinetics of the SCR reaction in the presence of O2 was studied in this work. The results show that the observed reaction orders were 0.74-0.99, 0.01-0.13, and 0 for NO, O2 and NH3, respectively, at 350-450℃. And the apparent activation energy of the SCR was 65 kJ/mol on the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst. The SCR mechanism was also deduced. Adsorbed NO species can react directly with adsorbed ammonia species on the active sites to form N2 and H2O. Gaseous O2 might serve as a reoxidizing agent for the active sites that have undergone reduction in the SCR process. It is also important to note that a certain amount of NO was decomposed directly over the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst in the absence of NH3.     

电沉积法处理电解锌漂洗废水的动力学研究

采用电沉积法处理电解锌漂洗工艺废水,以回收废水中的重金属资源。在不同实验条件下对电沉积反应过程中电沉积反应速率及其影响因素进行了研究,结果表明,电沉积回收重金属锌符合准一级动力学规律,当V=6 V时,速率常数k=0.0214。最佳实验条件为:槽电压V=6 V、电解时间为45~60 min、pH为2.5~3.5,反应过程中应充分搅拌。利用电沉积法处理电解锌漂洗废水,将重金属Zn2+还原为单质锌,处理废水的同时实现重金属资源的回收,在工业中有较好的应用前景。     

有机质对土壤气相抽提去除四氯化碳效率的影响

某重要岩溶地下水源地因附近农药厂排放含四氯化碳污水而受到严重污染,实验采用土柱通风试验模拟土壤气相抽提(SVE),研究环境温度为20℃,通风速率为40mL/min,土壤含水率10%,而土壤有机质含量分别为3.02%和0.13%条件下的两种供试土壤中四氯化碳污染物的去除过程.结果表明,土柱通风能有效去除土壤中的四氯化碳污...     

液相高压放电降解RB5染料废水的试验研究

随着印染工艺不断更新,大量化学分子结构复杂的化工染料应用到印染行业,使得常规的水处理工艺难以降解印染废水中的染料。本文以活性黑（RB5）染料为研究对象,采用液相高压放电产生强氧化性自由基来降解染料废水,考察反应时间、初始浓度和气体流量对RB5降解的影响,研究结果表明：在外部功率相同的情况下,浓度高染料其降解率相对较低;通入氧气量增加,产生的活性自由基和活性物质数量也增加,RB5的降解率也增大,但气流量不宜过大;高压放电产生的各种活性物质容易破坏染料发色基团的分子链,使其脱色。     

Effects of metal and acidic sites on the reaction by-products of butyl acetate oxidation over palladium-based catalysts

Catalytic oxidation is widely used in pollution control technology to remove volatile organic compounds. In this study, Pd/ZSM-5 catalysts with different Pd contents and acidic sites were prepared via the impregnation method. All the catalysts were characterized by means of N2 adsorption- desorption, X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, HE temperature programmed reduction （H2-TPR）, and NH3 temperature programmed desorption （NH3-TPD）. Their catalytic performance was investigated in the oxidation of butyl acetate experiments. The by-products of the reaction were collected in thermal desorption tubes and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It was found that the increase of Pd content slightly changed the catalytic activity of butyl acetate oxidation according to the yield of CO2 achieved at 90%, but decreased the cracking by-products, whereas the enhancement of strong acidity over Pd-based catalysts enriched the by-product species. The butyl acetate oxidation process involves a series of reaction steps including protolysis, dehydrogenation, dehydration, cracking, and isomerization. Generally, butyl acetate was cracked to acetic acid and 2- methylpropene and the latter was an intermediate of the other by-products, and the oxidation routes of typical by-products were proposed. Trace amounts of 3-methylpentane, hexane, 2-methylpentane, pentane, and 2-methylbutane originated from iso4merization and protolysis reactions.     

Fe2+和Fe3+对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响

通过接种厌氧氨氧化污泥研究了Fe离子浓度及价态变化对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响.短期浓度影响结果表明,当进水铁离子浓度由0升高到5 mg·L-1时,厌氧氨氧化污泥活性因受刺激而逐渐增强;当进水铁离子浓度大于5 mg·L-1时,因厌氧氨氧化反应产碱,铁离子形成氢氧化物沉淀,生物活性未受到影响.不同价态铁离子浓度变化对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响无明显区别.长期价态影响结果表明,经过71个周期培养,含Fe2+进水的厌氧氨氧化反应器R1脱氮效能(以氮计)由0.28 kg·(m3·d)-1升高到0.65 kg·(m3·d)-1,是含Fe3+进水反应器R2的1.28倍.因此Fe2+更适合厌氧氨氧化菌生长的需求.实验结果进一步表明,Fe3+易导致厌氧氨氧化反应器R2内氨氮过量转化,亚硝氮与氨氮转化比(1.17)明显低于含Fe2+进水的反应器R1内亚硝氮与氨氮转化比(1.24).